Description
string
crypt ( string str [, string salt])
crypt() will return an encrypted string using the
standard Unix DES-based encryption algorithm or
alternative algorithms that may be available on the system. Arguments
are a string to be encrypted and an optional salt string to base the
encryption on. See the Unix man page for your crypt function for more
information.
If the salt argument is not provided, one will be randomly
generated by PHP.
Some operating systems support more than one type of encryption. In
fact, sometimes the standard DES-based encryption is replaced by an
MD5-based encryption algorithm. The encryption type is triggered by the
salt argument. At install time, PHP determines the capabilities of the
crypt function and will accept salts for other encryption types. If no
salt is provided, PHP will auto-generate a standard two character salt by
default, unless the default encryption type on the system is MD5, in
which case a random MD5-compatible salt is generated. PHP sets a
constant named CRYPT_SALT_LENGTH which tells you whether a regular two
character salt applies to your system or the longer twelve character salt
is applicable.
If you are using the supplied salt, you should be aware that the salt is
generated once. If you are calling this function recursively, this may
impact both appearance and security.
The standard DES-based encryption crypt() returns the
salt as the first two characters of the output. It also only uses the
first eight characters of str, so longer strings
that start with the same eight characters will generate the same result
(when the same salt is used).
On systems where the crypt() function supports multiple
encryption types, the following constants are set to 0 or 1
depending on whether the given type is available:
CRYPT_STD_DES - Standard DES-based encryption with a two character salt
CRYPT_EXT_DES - Extended DES-based encryption with a nine character salt
CRYPT_MD5 - MD5 encryption with a twelve character salt starting with
$1$
CRYPT_BLOWFISH - Blowfish encryption with a sixteen character salt
starting with $2$ or $2a$
注:
There is no decrypt function, since crypt()
uses a one-way algorithm.
例子 1. crypt() examples |
<?php
$password = crypt('mypassword'); // let the salt be automatically generated
/* You should pass the entire results of crypt() as the salt for comparing a
password, to avoid problems when different hashing algorithms are used. (As
it says above, standard DES-based password hashing uses a 2-character salt,
but MD5-based hashing uses 12.) */
if (crypt($user_input, $password) == $password) {
echo "Password verified!";
}
?>
|
|
例子 2. Using crypt() with htpasswd |
<?php
// Set the password
$password = 'mypassword';
// Get the hash, letting the salt be automatically generated
$hash = crypt($password);
?>
|
|
例子 3. Using crypt() with different encryption types |
<?php
if (CRYPT_STD_DES == 1) {
echo 'Standard DES: ' . crypt('rasmuslerdorf', 'rl') . "\n";
}
if (CRYPT_EXT_DES == 1) {
echo 'Extended DES: ' . crypt('rasmuslerdorf', '_J9..rasm') . "\n";
}
if (CRYPT_MD5 == 1) {
echo 'MD5: ' . crypt('rasmuslerdorf', '$1$rasmusle$') . "\n";
}
if (CRYPT_BLOWFISH == 1) {
echo 'Blowfish: ' . crypt('rasmuslerdorf', '$2a$07$rasmuslerd...........$') . "\n";
}
?>
|
The above example will output something similar to:
Standard DES: rl.3StKT.4T8M
Extended DES: _J9..rasmBYk8r9AiWNc
MD5: $1$rasmusle$rISCgZzpwk3UhDidwXvin0
Blowfish: $2a$07$rasmuslerd............nIdrcHdxcUxWomQX9j6kvERCFjTg7Ra |
|
See also md5() and the
Mcrypt extension.
php at SPAM_tlarson dot com
26-Jun-2002 01:17
There's always been a bit of confusion as to what makes a good salt and
what doesn't. Remember that it doesn't matter at all how easy a salt is to
guess. No one ever HAS to guess the salt: it's already given.
The
only only important consideration when generating a salt is to make sure
that all salts are unique--that way the same password will be encrypted
differently (i.e. the encrypted passwords will look different) for
different users.
One of the simplest ways to generate a unique
salt is to use some string that will be different every time the procedure
is called. Here's a simple example:
<?php
$jumble =
md5(time() . getmypid());
$salt =
substr($jumble,0,$salt_length);
?>
Given a string
consisting of the current time (in seconds) concatinated with the current
process id, the string will never be the same twice, assuming that the
function is never called more than once per second. Calculating the md5
sum over that string creates another string from which you can extract any
substring and still end up with a unique sequence.
If you're going
to be generating more than one password per second, just throw a
rand($x,$y) in there to add a little more entropy.
crc32
